Numerical Modelling of Efficient Lead-Free Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cell Using SCAPS-1D

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become one of most emerging thin-film photovoltaic technologies. However, traditional lead-based perovskites face major limitations due to their toxicity and limited long-term stability, creating a strong need for environmentally friendly, lead-free alternatives. This work present, SCAPS-1D software is utilized to simulate a PSC based on a stable and eco-friendly inorganic absorber. To enhance carrier mobility, electron transport layer (ETL) is incorporated, and the commonly used PCBM is replaced with graphene oxide (GO), which also contributes to lowering the device cost. The key design parameters, such as thickness, acceptor concentration and defect density of active layer, metal work function and operating temperature are thoroughly examined. With GO functioning as the ETL, optimized device performance achieved includes a PCE of 25.27%, Voc of 1.12 V, Jsc of 28.51 mA/cm2, and an FF of 79.0%. The proposed lead-free PSC structure offers a promising way to addressing stability and toxicity concerns while improving overall device performance.